16 lessons · 16–24 h (Parts 1–4)

Stage 12 · Robot Simulation & Digital Twin

Parts 1–4: foundations + robot models → educational physics/sensors → simulated controllers, ROS↔sim bridge, joint streams, sim testing & twin stack → Build & Test a Simulated 6DOF Robot capstone bridging Stages 7–11. Browser canvas approximations only (NOT Gazebo / Isaac / MuJoCo / Bullet / real ROS). Soft-recommend Stages 5/6/8/11; hard locks cleared; no payment gating.

• 1. Why Robots Need Simulation
• 2. What Is a Digital Twin?
• 3. Robot Models & URDF Concepts
• 4. Links, Joints & Robot Structure
• 5. Simulation Worlds & Coordinate Frames
• 6. Physics Simulation
• 7. Mass, Gravity & Inertia
• 8. Collision & Contact
• 9. Friction & Physical Constraints
• 10. Simulated Sensors
• 11. Simulated Robot Controllers
• 12. ROS 2 ↔ Simulator Communication
• 13. Simulated Joint States & Commands
• 14. Simulation-Based Testing
• 15. Building a Complete Digital Twin
• 16. Capstone — Build & Test a Simulated 6DOF Robot